✅Gs-3 : Environment- Climate change
🅾️What is Geoengineering- kinds and impacts?- Click here
⚜️Cloud seeding and its impact- calcium chloride as cloud seeding flare
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🅾️What is Geoengineering- kinds and impacts?- Click here
⚜️Cloud seeding and its impact- calcium chloride as cloud seeding flare
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✅Gs-2 : Centre- state relations- Federalism
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Taxation
🅾️Issue : 7th schedule allows both the Union and the states certain powers over alcohol, creating overlapping regulatory entries.The case stems from a legal interpretation of whether industrial alcohol qualifies as "intoxicating liquor," traditionally regulated by both Union and State under different legislative entries.
⚠️Supreme Court’s Decision : states have the power to tax industrial alcohol under their jurisdiction. It reinforced that industrial alcohol does not fall under the Union List, which restricts the Union's ability to tax materials not used as beverages but for industrial purposes.Industrial alcohol is essentially impure alcohol used in industries, not for human consumption.
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✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Taxation
🅾️Issue : 7th schedule allows both the Union and the states certain powers over alcohol, creating overlapping regulatory entries.The case stems from a legal interpretation of whether industrial alcohol qualifies as "intoxicating liquor," traditionally regulated by both Union and State under different legislative entries.
⚠️Supreme Court’s Decision : states have the power to tax industrial alcohol under their jurisdiction. It reinforced that industrial alcohol does not fall under the Union List, which restricts the Union's ability to tax materials not used as beverages but for industrial purposes.Industrial alcohol is essentially impure alcohol used in industries, not for human consumption.
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Right to Education vs Right to freedom of religion
🅾️Context : NCPCR's directive aims to ensure that madrassas comply with child rights and provide standardized education as per the RTE Act.
🅾️Why did NCPCR do so?- The state’s intervention stems from concerns about child protection, quality education, and the prevention of religious isolation or indoctrination.
🅾️Issue : enforcing universal education standards while respecting religious institutions’ autonomy, leading to tension in governance.
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🅾️Context : NCPCR's directive aims to ensure that madrassas comply with child rights and provide standardized education as per the RTE Act.
🅾️Why did NCPCR do so?- The state’s intervention stems from concerns about child protection, quality education, and the prevention of religious isolation or indoctrination.
🅾️Issue : enforcing universal education standards while respecting religious institutions’ autonomy, leading to tension in governance.
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✅Gs-2 : IR-
🅾️Fundamental premise of the article : Countries will always revert to their own strategic interests, even when working within larger alliances.
🅾️Proof of the above assertion?- The Global South, traditionally seen as a unified bloc, has displayed a fragmented approach to the Gaza crisis. This division stems from individual national interests overriding collective multilateralism.
🅾️What does the author say?- While multilateral frameworks like BRICS exist, individual national agendas often prevail, showing that the construct of "Global South" unity may be more rhetorical than practical.
⚠️Also read : Dichotomy between global rise and regional decline poses challenges for India's global aspirations.
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🅾️Fundamental premise of the article : Countries will always revert to their own strategic interests, even when working within larger alliances.
🅾️Proof of the above assertion?- The Global South, traditionally seen as a unified bloc, has displayed a fragmented approach to the Gaza crisis. This division stems from individual national interests overriding collective multilateralism.
🅾️What does the author say?- While multilateral frameworks like BRICS exist, individual national agendas often prevail, showing that the construct of "Global South" unity may be more rhetorical than practical.
⚠️Also read : Dichotomy between global rise and regional decline poses challenges for India's global aspirations.
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✅Gs-2 : IR- BRICS- Kazan declaration
🅾️Context : The expansion of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) may lead to complications in coordination and governance due to the growing diversity of interests among the new and old members.
🅾️Why?- The larger the group, the harder it is to reach consensus on key global issues, particularly when interests diverge.The original BRICS nations aim to reform global institutions like the UN and IMF to better represent emerging economies, but this goal may get diluted with more members joining, each with their own agendas.
⚠️What should BRICS do?- expansion without strategic coordination risks undermining BRICS' goals- so they should focus on creating mechanisms to handle the increasing complexity that comes with more members joining the club.
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🅾️Context : The expansion of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) may lead to complications in coordination and governance due to the growing diversity of interests among the new and old members.
🅾️Why?- The larger the group, the harder it is to reach consensus on key global issues, particularly when interests diverge.The original BRICS nations aim to reform global institutions like the UN and IMF to better represent emerging economies, but this goal may get diluted with more members joining, each with their own agendas.
⚠️What should BRICS do?- expansion without strategic coordination risks undermining BRICS' goals- so they should focus on creating mechanisms to handle the increasing complexity that comes with more members joining the club.
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✅Gs-2 : India- China Relations
🅾️China's Border Disputes : Click here
🅾️Why this law?- Both countries understood that Border Management is must for Stability
🅾️Mechanism: Structured Patrolling Points and Rules of Engagement
🅾️Issue - real test will be how both countries follows through, given China's ambiguous position on past commitments- need disengagement in sensitive areas (e.g., Pangong Tso and Gogra-Hot Springs)
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🅾️China's Border Disputes : Click here
🅾️Why this law?- Both countries understood that Border Management is must for Stability
🅾️Mechanism: Structured Patrolling Points and Rules of Engagement
🅾️Issue - real test will be how both countries follows through, given China's ambiguous position on past commitments- need disengagement in sensitive areas (e.g., Pangong Tso and Gogra-Hot Springs)
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✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Role of Institutions in growth
🅾️Context : Criticism of the work-"why nations fail"- AJR’s framework is too rigid, Eurocentric, and historically simplistic, missing the nuanced, diverse, and complex paths countries take toward development, especially those impacted by colonialism.
🔰Summary of the article in simple words- but do read what this theory is all about in the linked article above.
⚜️One-size-fits-all approach to institutions: institutions are not inherently good or bad in all situations
⚜️Western Development Bias:Development in many Western countries involved wealth extraction from colonies, which AJR’s model does not adequately address
⚜️ overly simplistic and does not consider complex historical factors, such as colonial exploitation.
⚜️Ignoring State Intervention:through government policies like protectionism and industrial planning
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🅾️Context : Criticism of the work-"why nations fail"- AJR’s framework is too rigid, Eurocentric, and historically simplistic, missing the nuanced, diverse, and complex paths countries take toward development, especially those impacted by colonialism.
🔰Summary of the article in simple words- but do read what this theory is all about in the linked article above.
⚜️One-size-fits-all approach to institutions: institutions are not inherently good or bad in all situations
⚜️Western Development Bias:Development in many Western countries involved wealth extraction from colonies, which AJR’s model does not adequately address
⚜️ overly simplistic and does not consider complex historical factors, such as colonial exploitation.
⚜️Ignoring State Intervention:through government policies like protectionism and industrial planning
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Legal Basis for Right to Die with Dignity
🅾️Sc in Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011), Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) : withholding or withdrawing life support is legal and can be part of the right to die with dignity under Article 21
🔰Things to know :
⚜️Withholding Treatment: Not starting a new treatment or resuscitation efforts.
⚜️Withdrawing Treatment: Stopping existing life-support treatment, recognizing it as futile for the patient’s recovery.
⚜️Passive Euthanasia: When a patient is allowed to die by withholding or withdrawing treatment, focusing on relieving suffering rather than prolonging life artificially.
🅾️Also read this example :Click here
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🅾️Sc in Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011), Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) : withholding or withdrawing life support is legal and can be part of the right to die with dignity under Article 21
🔰Things to know :
⚜️Withholding Treatment: Not starting a new treatment or resuscitation efforts.
⚜️Withdrawing Treatment: Stopping existing life-support treatment, recognizing it as futile for the patient’s recovery.
⚜️Passive Euthanasia: When a patient is allowed to die by withholding or withdrawing treatment, focusing on relieving suffering rather than prolonging life artificially.
🅾️Also read this example :Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Pollution - Air pollution
⚠️Already covered the points needed - click here
🅾️What is the key take away here?- crop stubble ALONE is not responsible for winter pollution in delhi- it is just 15% of the total!
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⚠️Already covered the points needed - click here
🅾️What is the key take away here?- crop stubble ALONE is not responsible for winter pollution in delhi- it is just 15% of the total!
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✅Gs-3 : Animal Husbandary- Livestock census
🅾️You can read about the 2019- Livestock census - click here
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🅾️You can read about the 2019- Livestock census - click here
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Lekhana Mains answer writing program.pdf
5.1 MB
⚠️Attention : As already announced - the Lekhana PYQ based mains answer writing workshop+ Test series is relaunched.
⚜️Course Registration link : Click here
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⚜️Course Registration link : Click here
✅Contact : @vk_ias for Queries.
VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
Lekhana Mains answer writing program.pdf
✅Gs-3 : Climate change - Climate emergency- Climate tipping point.
⚜️The primary cause of global warming is the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs)To stabilize global temperatures, GHG emissions must be reduced dramatically. The Paris Agreement aimed to keep temperature rise well below 2°C- At more than 2 degree Celsius, the 9 global tipping points identified- Click here
⚠️Current Reality:Emission targets set for 2025 and 2030 are unlikely to be met due to sustained or even increased GHG emissions.The warming already in motion creates feedback loops, such as increased release of methane from thawing permafrost, that accelerate warming even if emissions stabilize. This makes it harder to reverse or even halt temperature rise.
🔰Technological and structural shifts are necessary for energy transition- Click here
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⚜️The primary cause of global warming is the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs)To stabilize global temperatures, GHG emissions must be reduced dramatically. The Paris Agreement aimed to keep temperature rise well below 2°C- At more than 2 degree Celsius, the 9 global tipping points identified- Click here
⚠️Current Reality:Emission targets set for 2025 and 2030 are unlikely to be met due to sustained or even increased GHG emissions.The warming already in motion creates feedback loops, such as increased release of methane from thawing permafrost, that accelerate warming even if emissions stabilize. This makes it harder to reverse or even halt temperature rise.
🔰Technological and structural shifts are necessary for energy transition- Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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⚠️FAQ - Why did VK IAS launch the Lekhana Mains answer writing program( Details - Click here) now?- November to feb is the most crucial time where a significant chunk of the aspirant community slows down a bit - Senior aspirants due to fatigue and junior aspirants because they don't realise the gravity of the situation. Answer writing is a skill based game- not a game of information alone! Lekhana is meant to be that ACTIONABLE agenda to overcome lethargy in these winter months.
⚜️Course Registration link : Click here
✅Contact : @vk_ias for Queries.
⚜️Course Registration link : Click here
✅Contact : @vk_ias for Queries.
Forwarded from VK IAS- prelims (UPSC highlights)
#SnT
✅Black hole triple system
🅾️Firstly read this- Life cycle of a star- https://youtu.be/f2SUWOkzTlc
🅾️Binary vs Triple system : Binary systems consist of two gravitationally bound objects, like a black hole and one star, orbiting around a common center of mass. A triple system involves three objects bound by gravity, which is less stable than a binary system because of the complex gravitational interactions among three bodies.
🅾️Why Are Triple Systems Unusual for Black Holes?-Because supernova explosions usually disrupts nearby objects, scattering them, so it’s unusual for two stars to remain gravitationally bound
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
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✅Black hole triple system
🅾️Firstly read this- Life cycle of a star- https://youtu.be/f2SUWOkzTlc
🅾️Binary vs Triple system : Binary systems consist of two gravitationally bound objects, like a black hole and one star, orbiting around a common center of mass. A triple system involves three objects bound by gravity, which is less stable than a binary system because of the complex gravitational interactions among three bodies.
🅾️Why Are Triple Systems Unusual for Black Holes?-Because supernova explosions usually disrupts nearby objects, scattering them, so it’s unusual for two stars to remain gravitationally bound
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from UPSC Economy by VK IAS (Vikas Kanukollu)
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Inflation
🅾️Focus of the article : how food inflation and consumer demand are affecting rural and urban areas differently
🅾️Negative impact in rural areas- rural households spend a larger portion of their income on essential items like food.
⚠️Interesting trend-rural India are buying more products, even as prices are rising-Ex:increase in the sale of automobiles (two-wheelers, tractors, etc.)
🅾️In short, rural India is buying more, but food price rises are affecting them more deeply compared to urban India.
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🅾️Focus of the article : how food inflation and consumer demand are affecting rural and urban areas differently
🅾️Negative impact in rural areas- rural households spend a larger portion of their income on essential items like food.
⚠️Interesting trend-rural India are buying more products, even as prices are rising-Ex:increase in the sale of automobiles (two-wheelers, tractors, etc.)
🅾️In short, rural India is buying more, but food price rises are affecting them more deeply compared to urban India.
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✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Energy security- Clean fuels
➡️National Biofuel policy and Ethanol blending program- Click here
🅾️What is the point of this article?- Biomass power is an underutilized energy resource in India- So we need to promote National Bioenergy Programme (NBP)
🅾️Use cases : Biomass has the potential to produce biogas, biofuels, and compressed natural gas (CNG), which can support India’s transportation and agricultural sectors. There is also demand for bio-based products like fertilizers-The government is targeting 15% blending of green hydrogen with natural gas by 2025 and aims to establish bio-CNG as an alternative fuel source. This demonstrates that biomass could significantly contribute to energy independence if effectively utilized.
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➡️National Biofuel policy and Ethanol blending program- Click here
🅾️What is the point of this article?- Biomass power is an underutilized energy resource in India- So we need to promote National Bioenergy Programme (NBP)
🅾️Use cases : Biomass has the potential to produce biogas, biofuels, and compressed natural gas (CNG), which can support India’s transportation and agricultural sectors. There is also demand for bio-based products like fertilizers-The government is targeting 15% blending of green hydrogen with natural gas by 2025 and aims to establish bio-CNG as an alternative fuel source. This demonstrates that biomass could significantly contribute to energy independence if effectively utilized.
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image_2024-11-04_09-33-45.png
9 MB
✅Gs-3 : Environment- Pollution
🅾️Telangana State Govt has an ambitious plan of rejuvenating River Musi- Click here
🅾️Takeaway from Rhine river water pollution management case study :
⚜️1. Comprehensive Pollution Control Measures- Wastewater Treatment Plants+ Industrial Discharge Regulations
⚜️2. Focus on Ecosystem Restoration and Community Integration-preserving riverine biodiversity-enhances both ecological health and local economies
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🅾️Telangana State Govt has an ambitious plan of rejuvenating River Musi- Click here
🅾️Takeaway from Rhine river water pollution management case study :
⚜️1. Comprehensive Pollution Control Measures- Wastewater Treatment Plants+ Industrial Discharge Regulations
⚜️2. Focus on Ecosystem Restoration and Community Integration-preserving riverine biodiversity-enhances both ecological health and local economies
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Conservation- Coastal Zone Management Plan of Kerala- It is a very old news but back in news again now - Click here
🅾️(MoEF&CC) issues CRZ Notifications under the Section 5 of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986-> National Coastal Zone Management Authority (NCZMA): This body oversees the implementation of CRZ regulations nationwide and provides guidance to State Coastal Zone Management Authorities (SCZMAs).
🅾️What role will states have?- Each coastal state constitutes an SCZMA responsible for enforcing CRZ regulations within its jurisdiction.States are tasked with preparing CZMPs that align with national CRZ guidelines.States draft CZMPs and submit them to the MoEF&CC for approval.
⚠️In 2024, the Kerala Government submitted its revised CZMP to the MoEF&CC, seeking relaxations - it was approved. The MoEF&CC retains the right to approve, modify, or reject state-submitted CZMPs.
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🅾️(MoEF&CC) issues CRZ Notifications under the Section 5 of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986-> National Coastal Zone Management Authority (NCZMA): This body oversees the implementation of CRZ regulations nationwide and provides guidance to State Coastal Zone Management Authorities (SCZMAs).
🅾️What role will states have?- Each coastal state constitutes an SCZMA responsible for enforcing CRZ regulations within its jurisdiction.States are tasked with preparing CZMPs that align with national CRZ guidelines.States draft CZMPs and submit them to the MoEF&CC for approval.
⚠️In 2024, the Kerala Government submitted its revised CZMP to the MoEF&CC, seeking relaxations - it was approved. The MoEF&CC retains the right to approve, modify, or reject state-submitted CZMPs.
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✅Gs-1 : Indian Society- Urbanization
🅾️ Trajectory of Indian Urbanization- India's urbanization has been "poverty-driven.Economic distress, not industrialization, has pushed rural and peri-urban populations into cities.
🔰Mains problems of Indian cities
⚜️Spatial Planning Challenges- Click here
⚜️Pollution and Climate Vulnerability- Click here
⚜️Inequality and Housing Issues- Click here
⚜️Governance Gaps- Click here
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🅾️ Trajectory of Indian Urbanization- India's urbanization has been "poverty-driven.Economic distress, not industrialization, has pushed rural and peri-urban populations into cities.
🔰Mains problems of Indian cities
⚜️Spatial Planning Challenges- Click here
⚜️Pollution and Climate Vulnerability- Click here
⚜️Inequality and Housing Issues- Click here
⚜️Governance Gaps- Click here
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⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
image_2024-11-05_11-34-41.png
2.2 MB
✅Gs2- Fundamental rights- What do you mean by affirmative action?
🅾️Context : The Supreme Court's upcoming Davinder Singh verdict has the potential to redefine the scope of affirmative action in India- MUST READ- Click here
⚜️SC Sub classification- Notes- https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PDF_notes/172
🅾️Challenges with Current System is Uneven Distribution: Top 20% of SC subgroups capture around 40% of reservation benefits. Dominant groups within SCs show higher educational attainment and asset ownership compared to marginalized SC subgroups
🅾️The authors suggests that Empowerment should go beyond mere reservation policies- Dimensions you need to focus on - Click here
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🅾️Context : The Supreme Court's upcoming Davinder Singh verdict has the potential to redefine the scope of affirmative action in India- MUST READ- Click here
⚜️SC Sub classification- Notes- https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PDF_notes/172
🅾️Challenges with Current System is Uneven Distribution: Top 20% of SC subgroups capture around 40% of reservation benefits. Dominant groups within SCs show higher educational attainment and asset ownership compared to marginalized SC subgroups
🅾️The authors suggests that Empowerment should go beyond mere reservation policies- Dimensions you need to focus on - Click here
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel